F7ABBBLG - Biology

Basic information about the cellular level of organisms - from acellular through prokaryotic to eukaryotic. The viruses. Prokaryotic cells. Bacteria. Bacterial diseases and their control. Eukaryotic cells. Plant and animal cell structure and function. Structure and conformation of biopolymers (nucleid acids and proteins). The nucleus, plastids, mitochondria. Cytoplasm. Endomembrane system: endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles. Semiautonomous organelles: mitochondria, sites of respiration and chloroplasts, sites of photosynthesis. The origin of eukaryotes: endosymbiotic hypothesis. Ribosomes. The cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments. The cell cycle: mitotic (M) phase and interphase (G1, S and G2 phases). The division of cell nucleus - amitosis, mitosis, phases of mitosis, the mitotic spindle; meiosis. The cell division - cytokinesis. Cell differentiation. Cell death. Apoptosis and necrosis. Mendelian and modern genetics: structure, function and inheritance of genes. Includes the chemistry and structure of chromatin and chromosomes. Animal tissue histology. Animal cells and tissues. Human genetics. Chromosomal aberrations, genetic disorders and diseases. Genetic engineering. GMO organisms.

Credit requirements:

Attendance at laboratory sessions; in case of absence, an official excuse must be provided, and the missed session must be made up upon agreement with the lab instructor.

Successful completion of the written credit test, with a minimum passing score of 60%.

Examination requirements:

Obtaining the course credit. The examination consists of a written test and an oral exam. Answers to questions are assigned points based on their difficulty. The written test is graded prior to the oral examination. The overall exam grade corresponds to the valid grading scale. If any component is graded as „F“, the overall exam result is automatically „F“. If a student is caught using unauthorized materials during the examination (written or oral), they will automatically receive an „F“ grade.

1. Introduction to the Study of Biology: Origin of life on Earth, chemical composition of living organisms. Acellular forms viruses, viroids, and prions. Cellular forms prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

2. Fundamentals of Microbiology: Structure and chemical composition of the bacterial cell, metabolism, growth and reproduction, bacterial pathogenicity and virulence, physical, chemical, and biological antibacterial factors. Applied microbiology in biomedical engineering.

3. Cell Biology I: Structure of the eukaryotic cell, basic characteristics of various eukaryotic cell types, biomembrane structure, cellular metabolism anabolism and catabolism.

4. Cell Biology II Organelles and Cellular Structures: The nucleus, semiautonomous organelles (mitochondria, plastids), membrane systems (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus), other organelles, the cytoskeleton.

5. Cell Biology III: Cell reproduction, cell cycle, cell division, cellular aging, cell death apoptosis and necrosis.

6. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology: Structure of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), protein structure, the genetic code, and genetic information.

7. Flow of Genetic Information: Replication, transcription, translation, regulation of gene expression, cellular totipotency.

8. Alterations of Genetic Information Mutations: Spontaneous and induced mutations, molecular basis of mutations. Mutation detection using molecular biology methods. Repair mechanisms. Cancer biology.

9. General Genetics: Terminology, Mendelian and Morganian inheritance. Sex-linked inheritance. Human genetics nuclear and mitochondrial genome. Exome and non-coding sequences.

10. Human Genetics: Cytogenetics and molecular diagnostic methods. Human genetic disorders.

11. Fundamentals of Animal Histology: Tissues epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. Genetic manipulation, genetic engineering, genetically modified cells and organisms.

12. Biotechnology I: Genetic engineering, genetically modified cells and organisms. Genetic manipulation, recombinant DNA, restriction enzymes, restriction analysis. Gene cloning and gene transfer.

13. Biotechnology II Applied Biology in Engineering and Medicine: Molecular diagnostics and sequencing. Biosensors and biotransduction.

14. Biotechnology III: Tissue cultures, biomaterials, tissue engineering, and biocompatibility.

1.The microscope and its application in biology and medical sciences. Light and electron microscopy techniques.

2.Preparation of microscopic specimens for light and electron microscopy.

3.Fundamentals of working with microorganisms in a biological/microbiological laboratory cultivation of microorganisms.

4.Microscopy of the prokaryotic cell.

5.Microscopy of eukaryotic cells. Microscopy of cellular organelles the cell nucleus and semiautonomous organelles.

6.Microscopy of eukaryotic cells. Plasmolysis and plasmoptysis.

7.Microscopy of cellular organelles other organelles and cellular inclusions.

8.Test: Knowledge verification in microscopy and microbiology. Replica/impression slide of Monstera surface relief of eukaryotic cells.

9.Cell cycle and cell division mitosis, meiosis, cytokinesis.

10.Principles of genetics, use of the Punnett square. Selected problems in general genetics.

11.Selected problems in general genetics and molecular biology. Blood groups. Tissues blood.

12.Microscopy of animal cells and tissues.

13.Final credit test.

14.Course summary. Granting of credit.

Basic information about the cellular level of organisms - from acellular through prokaryotic to eukaryotic. The viruses. Prokaryotic cells. Bacteria. Bacterial diseases and their control. Eukaryotic cells. Plant and animal cell structure and function. Structure and conformation of biopolymers (nucleic acids and proteins). The nucleus, plastids, mitochondria. Cytoplasm. Endomembrane system: endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, microbodies (glyoxysomes, peroxisomes), vacuoles. Semiautonomous organelles: mitochondria, sites of respiration and chloroplasts, sites of photosynthesis. The origin of eukaryotes: endosymbiotic hypothesis. Ribosomes. The cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments. The cell cycle: mitotic (M) phase and interphase (G1, S and G2 phases). The division of cell nucleus - amitosis, mitosis, phases of mitosis, the mitotic spindle; meiosis. The cell division - cytokinesis. Cell differentiation. Cell death. Apoptosis and necrosis. Mendelian and modern genetics: structure, function and inheritance of genes. Includes the chemistry and structure of chromatin and chromosomes. Plant anatomy and histology. Types of plant cells and tissues. Tissue systems: meristems, epidermal, water-conducting and ground tissues, their structure and functions. Animal tissue histology. Animal cells and tissues. Human genetics. Chromosomal aberrations, genetic disorders and diseases. Genetic engineering. GMO organisms. Gene therapy.

Povinná literatura

[1] Alberts B., Heald Rebecca, Bray D., Lewis J. a kol.: Molecular Biology of the Cell (7th ed.) Garland Science NY 2022, USA

[2] Solomon Eldra Pearl, Berg Linda R., Martin Diana W. Biology. 2018. Nakladatel: Cengage Learning, Inc USA

[3] Thomas D. Pollard and William C. Earnshaw: Cell Biology, Updated Edition, 2004, Elsevier

[4]Campbell, Neil Biology: A Global Approach, Global Edition (anglicky) 2020 nakladatel: Pearson Education Limited

Doporučená literatura

[1] VYMĚTALOVÁ, Veronika. Biologie pro biomedicínské inženýrství. 3. přepracované vydání. V Praze: České vysoké učení technické v Praze, Česká technika-nakladatelství ČVUT, 2019. ISBN 978-80-01-06533-4

[2] VYMĚTALOVÁ V.: Biologie pro biomedicínské inženýrství - laboratorní cvičení, skripta ČVUT 2021, ISBN 978-80-01-06789-5

[3] Reischig, J.; Korabečná, M.; Kufner, P.; Hatina, J.: Obecná biologie. Praktická cvičení. Praha, Karolinum 2000,

[4] Campbell N.A. , Reece J.B.: Biologie. Computer Press, Brno 2006.

• Prospectus - bakalářský (!)
• Biomedical Technology (compulsory course)
• Biomedical Technology (compulsory course)